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Sunday, January 22, 2012

Unit 2 - generation of computers

Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.

The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices. Read about each generation and the developments that led to the current devices that we use today.

The different generations are:

First Generation – 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes
Second Generation – 1956-1963: Transistors
Third Generation – 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits
Fourth Generation – 1971-Present: Microprocessors
Fifth Generation – Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence

First Generation – 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes
Characteristics:

1) These machines were enormous, filling up entire rooms with tens of thousands of vacuum tubes but were much slower than even the cheapest PC available today.
2) They relied on machine language to perform calculations; they could only solve one problem at a time.
3) Input was punched on punch cards or paper tapes and output was produced through printers.
4) Speed was measured in milliseconds (10-3 s)

Advantages:
1) Vacuum tubes were the only electronic components available during those days.
2) Vacuum tube technology made possible the advent of electronic digital computers.

Disadvantages:
1) Too bulky in size and not portable.
2) Unreliable and thousands of vacuum tubes that were used emitted large amount of heat and burnt frequently.
3) Prone to frequent hardware failures and constant maintenance were required.
4) Manual assembly of individual components into a functional unit was required.
5) Commercial production of such computers was not possible.

Second Generation – 1956-1963: Transistors
Characteristics:

1) Transistors were used as basic building block.
2) Second generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic assembly language which is more understandable than machine language. Assembly language allows a programmer to specify instructions in for of words.
3) These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in the memory.
4) They still relied on punched cards and printers for input and output.Speed was measured in microsecond (10-3 s)

Advantages:
1) Smaller in size as compared to first generation computer.
2)More reliable and less heat was generated as compared to first generation computers.
3) Better portability and under commercial use; less hardware failures.

Third Generation – 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits
Characteristics:
1) Computing chip; Integrated circuits (IC) were introduced, which is a basic building block for the components of 3rd generation computers.
2) Concept of multiprogramming was introduced where more than one job resides in the main memory competing for CPU and CPU could be kept more busy.
3) Computational time was measured in nanosecond (10-9 s).

Advantages:
1) Smaller in size as compared to previous generations.
2) More reliable, less heat dissipation; low maintenance cost.
3) Portable and high fault tolerance.
4) Total general purpose and wide commercial use.
5) Easier to use and cheaper than previous generations.

Fourth Generation – 1971-Present: Microprocessors
Initially the integrated circuits contained only about ten to twenty components. This technology is known as SSI (Small Scale Integration). Later with the advancement in technology for manufacturing ICs, it became possible to integrate up to a hundred components on one single chip. This technology is know as MSI (Medium Scale Integration). Then came the era of large scale integration (LSI), when it is possible to integrate over 30,000 components on once single chip. More advanced technologies like Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) and Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) made possible the development of sophisticated, compact, handheld multi functioning devices with easy interface for interaction.

Advantages:
1) Smallest in size because of density.
2) Very reliable and faster computation speed than previous generation.
3) Negligible hardware failure and cheapest.
4) Totally general purpose, wide range of use and portable.

Fifth Generation – Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence
Defining the fifth generation computers is somewhat difficult because the field is still in its infancy. Using recent engineering advances, computers are able to accept spoken word instruction (voice recognition) and imitate human reasoning. The ability to translate a language to another with the help of machine NLP (Natural Language Processing) is now possible which can be one of the components for the fifth generation computer. Super conductor technology, massive parallel processing and bio-chips will be the foundation technology for these computers. Researches are being carried out to make computers think like us.

Physical Chemistry

Dalton’s atomic theory:

Above theory states that ultimate particle of matter is atom. Atom can neither be created nor be destroyed. i.e. atom is indivisible.

Discovery of elements:

During the end of 19th century different experiments proved that atom is divisible.

1. J.J Thomson’s discharge tube experiment (1897)

2. Discovery of Proton

3. Origin of positive ray

4. Discovery of neutron (In 1932 British, Sir James Chadwick)

5. Discovery of atomic number: (Mosley’s experiment 1913)

6. Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones

6.1 Isotopes

6.2 Isobars

6.3 Isotones

7. Atomic weight or atomic mass

8. Relative atomic weight

9. Scattering of alpha-particles – Rutherford experiment (1909)

10. Bohr model of atom – Bohr’s theory (1913)

11. Calculation of radius of orbit and energy

12. Explanation of Hydrogen Spectrum

13. Calculation of Rydberg Constant

14. Limitations of Bohr’s theory

15. L.de Broglie Theory

15.1. Application

15.2. Conclusion

Structural and molecular formulae

Structural and molecular formulae

Structural formula:
An expanded chemical formula representing the arrangement of atoms and bonds within a molecule.

Molecular formula:
Molecular formulas are a shorthand way of describing molecules and compounds. Chemists use formulas to talk and write about molecules and to indicate how molecules behave in chemical reactions. The molecular formula indicates, in special notation, which elements make up the molecule and how many atoms are needed of each element.

Sources of organic compounds

Sources of organic compounds

Main source of organic chemistry are living organism i.e. plants and animals. The various organic compounds have been prepared artificially in laboratory. Some important sources are as follows
A. Plants
B. Animals
C. Coal tar
D. Synthetic product
E. Natural gas and petroleum

Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry: The branch of chemistry which deals with systematic study of hydro-carbons and their derivatives.

Organic Compound: The compounds obtained from living beings i.e. plants; animals are called organic compounds because they are found in organs of plant and animals. E.g. sugar, fat, oil, proteins, etc.

In-Organic Compound: The compound which are obtained from minerals i.e. non-living sources are called in-organic compound. E.g. marble, different type of salts, etc.

1. Vital force theory.

2. Sources of organic compounds.

3. Importance of organic chemistry.

HYDRO-CARBONS: The compounds which are made up of only hydrogen and carbon elements by covalent bonds are called HYDRO-CARBONS.

4. Functional Group.

4.1 Characteristics of functional group.

5. Classification of hydro carbons.

5.1 Classification table.

Tetra co-valency: Each carbon atom having four covalent bond is called tetra co-valency. This is due to mutual sharing of electrons to c-atoms with neighboring atoms.

Catenation property of Carbon: Carbons has a unique property of linking itself to other carbon atoms to give open chain or cyclic structure. This property of self linking is known as catenation.

6. Empirical formula.

7. Structural and molecular formulae.

8. Types of carbon. (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)

Importance of organic chemistry

Importance of organic chemistry
Organic chemistry plays a great role in our daily life. Some of the application showing it’s importance in daily life are listed below:
i. Food
ii. Medicinal importance
iii. Clothing
iv. Industrial importance
v. Agricultural importance

Functional Group

Functional Group

A functional group may be defined as an atom or group of atoms linked with carbon and hydrogen framework of organic compound that determines the characteristics properties of organic compounds.

In an organic compound there are two types of groups; one is functional group and another is skeleton of carbon and hydrogen atom which is alkyl group.

E.g. CH3—OH (In methanol compounds, CH3 is an alley group and OH is the functional group.)

Characteristics of Functional Group:

a. A functional group gives the identification of the compound.

b. The properties of organic compounds are collected by its functional group.

c. A functional group is specific in its nature.

d. The reactivity of organic compounds is determined by its functional group.

The group of compounds with some functional group is called class or family.

Empirical formula

Empirical formula
The empirical formula of a molecule is a simpler formula than the molecular formula. It is useful when scientists know only the ratio of atoms in a compound, for example, after performing a chemical analysis that reveals the weight of each element in the compound. The empirical formula looks similar to the molecular formula, but the subscripts only include information on the ratios of the elements with respect to each other and not on the actual number of atoms. For example, ethane’s molecular formula is C2H6, which shows that the ratio of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms is 1 to 3, so its empirical formula is CH3. An unknown sample with the empirical formula CH3 may be ethane, but it cannot be butane, which has an empirical formula of C2H5. Water’s molecular formula is the same as its empirical formula, H2O. Molecular formulas always have subscripts that are whole number multiples of the empirical formula of a compound. Chemists also use empirical formulas for ionic compounds.

Characteristics of functional group.

Functional Group

A functional group may be defined as an atom or group of atoms linked with carbon and hydrogen framework of organic compound that determines the characteristics properties of organic compounds.

In an organic compound there are two types of groups; one is functional group and another is skeleton of carbon and hydrogen atom which is alkyl group.

E.g. CH3—OH (In methanol compounds, CH3 is an alley group and OH is the functional group.)

Characteristics of Functional Group:

a. A functional group gives the identification of the compound.

b. The properties of organic compounds are collected by its functional group.

c. A functional group is specific in its nature.

d. The reactivity of organic compounds is determined by its functional group.

The group of compounds with some functional group is called class or family.

Plasmodium

Life Cycle of Plasmodium
Plasmodium is a digenetic, intracellular parasite of liver cell and RBC of vertebrates. In Mosquito it lives in the tomach and in the wall of Alimentary canal. In vertebrates the asexual or schizogony occurs and in female Anopheles mosquito, the Sexual cycle or sporogony occurs.

Schizogony
Schizogony is divided into following sub stages :-

1. Pre-Erythrocytic Schizogony

2. Exo-Erythrocytic Schizogony

3. Erythrocytic Schizogony

4. Post-Erythrocytic Schizogony

1. Pre-Erythrocytic Schizogony
When an infected female anopheles mosquito bites a healthy man, the mosquito innoculates or injects thousands of sporozoites into the blood of men. Sporozoites are microscopic spindle or sickle shaped structure with large centrally located Nucleus. Its body is covered by thin cuticle that protects it from the invasion of WBC. It is also known as infective stage of plasmodium. Within half an hour, the sporozoites are completely disappeared from the blood and reaches the liver cell. In liver cell, it grows into round or oval shaped structure that is schizont.
Schizont reproduces by multiple fission to produce numerous first generation parasites that is cryptomerozoites. The fully infected liver cell ruptures and liberates cryptomerozoites into the Sinusoids of Liver(Sinusoids is the fluid filled space between hepatic acinus.)

2. Exo-Erythrocytic Schizogony
The cryptomerozoites invade new lover cell where it changes to schizont. Schizont multiplies by multiple fission to form Numerous second generation parasites that is meta cryptozoites. It is of two types which are Micro meta-cyprozoites and Macro meta-cryptozoites. The Macro meta-cryptozoites are large and few in number. It constantly invades new liver cell. Therefore, Liver is known as Resorviour or storage of parasite. The Micro meta-cryptozoites attacks RBC. After that Erythrocytic Schizogony starts.

3. Erythrocytic Schizogony
In Plasmodium vivax, the Micro meta-cryptozoites invade young or immature R.B.C whereas in Plasmodium falciparum, the parasites invade old and matured R.B.C. The parasite begins to feed on R.B.C by which it grows in size with the appearance of small vacoule. This stage is called as feeding stage or Trophozoite. As the trophozoite grows in size. Simultaneously, the vacoule also grows which pushes the Nucleus towards the periphery and it resembles like ring. Therefore, it is called as signet ring stage. In a gully grown parasite, the vacoule disappears and it becomes irregular in shape with numerous pseudopodia like projection. Therefore it is called as amoeboid stage. The pseudopodia like projection disappears and it becomes round or oval like structure which is known as Schizont.
In Schizont, the Nucleus divides six to twelve times to form twelve to twenty-four Nuclei. The Nuclei are pushed towards the periphery and covered by incomplete division of cytoplasm by which it looks like the petals of rose flower. Therefore, it is Roset stage. By this time a yellow or orange granules appears at the centre of infected R.B.C which is called as Hemozoin. It is a toxic chemical that is responsible for fever in malaria. The fully infected R.B.C becomes week and feeble and ruptures to liberate third generation parasite that is Erythrocytic Merozoites along with Hemozoin in Sinusoids of liver (fluid filled space between Hepatic acinus). The time period from the entry of sporozoites into the human body and up to the appearance of first malarial fever is incubation period that varies from 10-14 days. In malaria of Plasmodium vivax, the fever repeats after every 48 hrs because it requires 48 hrs for the completion of Erythrocytic cycles to release Hemozoin. Some of the merozoites attacks new liver cell to begin post Erythrocytic Schizogony.

4. Post-Erythrocytic Schizogony
After repeated Erythrocytic cycle, some of the merozoites grows in size and this larger merozoites are called as Gametocytes. Gametocytes start to circulate in the peripheral circulatory system until it is sucked by mosquito. [If the Gametocytes are not sucked by mosquito then after 3-4 days the Gametocytes are destroyed in Spleen and Liver]. In the stomach of mosquito, the Gametocytes are changed into male or female gametes.

The male gametes are small and motile in which the Nucleus divides 3-4 times and migrates towards periphery. By this time, small projection appears in the cell surface of male gametocytes which later develops into long filamentous finger like projection that is flagella and this process is called as Ex-flagellation. Individual flagella acts as male gamete which separates from main body and circulates freely in the stomach until it is fused with female gametes. The female gametocytes are larger and stationery and it changes to female gametes by the appearance of cone of reception through which male gametes enters and fertilizes the egg to form diploid zygote. The zygote remains motionless for about 24 hrs and later it becomes motile worm like and pointed. This form of zygote is known as ookinete or vermicule.

The ookinete penetrates the wall of stomach and migrates towards outside where it is covered by a cyst to form oocyst. According to Bano(1969), the first division of Nucleus in oocyst is reductional followed by repeated meiotic division to form numerous haploid Nuclei. This form is called as sporoblast. The Nuclei of sporoblast divides by multiple fission to form thousands of spores. This structure is called as sporocysts. Indivisual s[pres grows into Sporozoites. Thus, the sporocysts ruptures and liberates the sporozoites Haemocoel of mozquito. From here, the sporozoites migrates to salivary gland and remains there until it bites the new host.

Plasmodium falciparum

Kingdom: – Protista

Phylum: – Protozoa

Class: – Ciliata

Genus: – Plasmodium

Species: – falciparum

It is widely distributed in sub-saharan region of Africa and in Nepal this species is recorded from western Terai esp. in Dang district of Western Nepal. It causes cerebral malaria and the mortality rate is very high. The incubation period varies from 10 to 16 days and this species attacks old and mature R.B.C’s. In the life cycle, Post Erythrocytic Schizogony is absent. In Erythrocytic Schizogony, Schuffner’s Dots are present of which function is still unknown. In this species also fever repeats after every 48 hrs. Death is due to the blockage of arteries of vital organs like Brain, Heart and Liver.

Paramecium

Structure of Paramecium:-
Kingdom :- Animalia
Phylum :- Protozoa
class :- Ciliata
Genus :- Paramecium
Species :- caudatum

Habit and Habitat
Paramecium is an unicellular, miscroscopic Eukaryotic protozoan.Mostly found in stagnant fresh water like ponds, ditches, well etc rich in organic food material because bacteria is the chief food of paramecium. In paramecium, the nutrition is holozoic.Digestion is intracellular. Respiration and Excretion occurs through general body surface. It reproduces asexually by transverse binary fission and sexually by conjugation.
Structure of Paramecium
Paramecium majorly is divided into three main parts which of them are as follows:-
1. External Structure
2. Internal Structure
3. Feeding Structure

1. External Structure
a:) Pellicle
Pellicle is a thin elastic, porous, limiting membrane of the paramecium made up of gelatin protein. It provides definite shape to the paramecium as well as protects the internal organelles from mechanical energy.
b:) Tricocyst
Tricocyst is a spindle sac like structure abundantly found in Ectoplasm. It lies perpendicular to pellicle and alternating with cilium. The sac contain toxin that helps in offence and defence.Tricocyst helps in Anchoring during conjugation.When the organism is excited or disturbed, it immediately ejects out it’s needle to release toxic chemicals that prevents it from enemy as well as helps in trapping the food.
c:) Cilia
Cilia origins from basal granules that lies in Ectoplasm. Cilia are uniformly distributed throught the body except towards posterior and where it is larger and longer.This group of cilia is called caudal tuft. Caudal tuft helps in Anchoring to substratum as well as regulate direction of movement. Cilia are main locomatory organ as well as it helps in tranporting food materials from different parts of the Ectoplasm of the body to the oral group.
2. Internal Structure
a:) Nucleus
In paramecium, Nucleus shows Nuclear dimorphism i.e. Macro Nucleus and Micro Nucleus is large kidney or bean shaped and it is mainly responsible for metabolic activities of paramecium whereas the Micro Nucleus is small spherical shaped which lies near the concavity of Macro Nucleus and is responsible for regulating sexual reproduction i.e. conjugation
b:) Contractile Vacoule
It is two in number each in anterior and posterior end. Indivisual contractile vacoule are provided with radiating or feeder canal that collect excess salt and water from different part of the cytoplasm. The main vacoule expells excess salts and water outside the body through pellicular pores. The contractile vacoules work in systolic and diastolic pattern. It’s main function is to regulate osmoregulation and partial excretion.
3. Feeding Structure of Paramecium
A shallow depression on the ventral surface through which ingestion occurs is called as oral groove. Oral groove leads to small ‘V’ shaped vestibule which further opens to small cytosome or cell mouth. These structures forms oral cavity.
i.e. Oral Cavity = Oral Groove + Vestibule
Cytosome further opens to long tubular ‘S’ shaped cytopharyx. On the posteriour end of cytopharynx, the food vacoules are formed. A the school vacoules separates from cytopharynx, the food vacoules moves in clockwise direction by streaming movement of cytoplasm i.e. cyclosis. Cyclosis helps in Digestion, Assimilation, and Egestion. The undigested food material are thrown out of paramecium body by temporory opening on ventral surface i.e. Cytopyge or Cell Anus

Botany

Biology can be studied under the following headings: -

Ecosystem Diversity
Species Diversity
Genetic Diversity

Ecosystem Diversity
The variation existing among the Ecosystems due to change in structural and functional aspect of biotic community.

Ecosystem

Ecosystem is a dynamic relationship amongst the plants, animals, micro-organisms, gene contained and their environment where flow of energy and cycling of Nutrients takes place.

Species Diversity
Group of Individuals which can inter-breed in their Natural Environment to produce fertile off springs is called species. The variety of species found in a particular area is called Species Diversity. The total number of species found in any region is called species richness.

According to Wilson (1980) there are 5-30 million of Species of living being that exists.

Genetic Diversity
It is another form of Diversification of Living Beings all around the world in which there is differentiation or variation between the same species and from the same family. The most abundant example of this is the two sons or daughter of same family having same Genetic material but different Genetic Character.

Taxonomy
The branch of Biology Dealing with the Identification, Nomenclature and Classification of Living Organism is called Taxonomy. Taxonomy is derived from two Greek Word Taxis and nomous which means arrangement and law of rules respectively. The word collectively means the lawful arrangement of Living Organisms.

[Note: - French Botanist De Candole(1813) coined the term Botany for the First time.]

History of Taxonomy

Some Great Taxonomist

1. Aristotle (384-322 B.C)

Aristotle is known as the father of Biology who is a Greek Philosopher. He classified few hundred plants and animals as well. He classified Plants on the basis of Habit/ Nature dividing them into Herbs, Shrubs and Trees. In case of Animal, he divided animals on the basis of Habitat dividing them into Land, Air and Water.

2. Theophrastus (370-285 B.C)

Theophrastus is also known as Father of Botany. Based on the forms and Textures, Theophrastus divided plants into four groups which were Herbs, Shrubs, Under Shrubs and Trees. Also he divided plants on the basis of life spans which were Annual, Biennial and Perennial. He also distinguished between Phanerogams and Cryptogams. He classified 480 species in his book Historia Plantarum.

3. Jhon Ray (1628-1705 B.C)

Jhon Ray was an English Taxonomist. He classified all the plants into two groups which were Herbs and Trees. He developed key system for the classification of Plants and Animals. He was the first person who recognized the difference between Genus and Species.

Species was termed by Jhon Ray. He also described 18,000 plants in his book Historia Plantarum (3-volume.)



Carolous Linnaneus (1907-1978)

He was a Swedish Taxonomist and he is regarded as the father of Taxonomy. He is the pioneer person in the field of Biology. He made an attempt to classify whole thing living organism into two kingdoms.

He described 5900 species of plants under 1000 Genera “Species Plantarum” in 1753. He also described 4200 animals in his book Systema Naturae (1758).

He developed the Binomial System of Nomenclature in which every organism are given Scientific Name in tow words which were Generic and Species. He also proposed the Hierarchical System of Nomenclature.

Classification: –

It is the system of arrangement of living organism into different group on the basis of the similarities and differences in their characters and further placing them into Hierarchy of categories like Kingdom, Division/phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species,

Basically, Classification is of three types: -

Artificial Classification System.
Natural System of Classification.



1. Artificial Classification System

In this system, Organisms are classified by considering only one or very easily observed characters like (Height/ form/ Texture). This system is frequently applied on the field due to its simplicity and convenience.

[For Example: - Classification System proposed by Aristotle, Theophrastus and Jhon Ray are the main example of this Classification System.]

Linnaeus classified plants on the basis of number of Stamens present in the Flower. He kept all the plants with single stamen into separate class monandria.., two stamen into class diandria and,,,,,,so on… with 24th group which includes Cryptogamia.

Limitations of Artificial Classification: –

It is based on only one or very few characters so it can’t explain actual position of organism.
It can’t give any natural relationship among the different groups.
Un- related animals may come together in a group. Example: - Butterfly, Birds and Bats
Closely related animals may be separated into different group. Example: – Rat, Bat and Whale

Monday, January 2, 2012

Unchopping a Tree

UNCHOPPING A TREE
Written by: W.S Merwin

Major theme:- to encourage to do afforestation and decrease random deforestation by showing the impossibility of re-chopping of tree after unchopping it.
This essay is a plea against deforestation. The essayist talk’s about unchopping or joining a tree which has been cut down into small pieces. The writer tells us to unchop or join all the parts of the tree place the tree where it was standing before we cut it.
This essay is pseudo directive, it has a meaning different from its surface meaning. The essay surface tells the thing but actually it want to suggest something else. In other word the apparent meaning of this essay is different from its real meaning .On the surface level the essay talk’s about unchopping a tree which has been cut down but inherently the essay are used against deforestation and please us to conserve nature.
In the essay the writer suggest that we should conserve the tree. We chop down the tree very easily but if we are asked to unchop or join all the parts of a chopped tree we can’t accomplish that task. The writer by asking us to unchop a tree is making us realize how difficult it is to grow a tree. He suggests that we should not chop down a tree because it is impossible to unchop it again.
The essay is the persuasive essay in which the essayist speaks to us directly and pursuits us to conserve the nature. This essay is the defense of nature preservation.


Alternatively,

Unchopping a Tree
-W. S. Merwin


In the essay “Unchopping a Tree”, the writer presents impossible example to convey deep meaning. Joining the chopped parts of trees refers to the new plantation of more trees in the open fields, which are full of stumps. Every part of trees refers to the every parts of the nature whether they are small or big. Each and every parts of nature is important. As we are also the creation of the nature, it is our duty to maintain the balance in the nature. We don’t have rights to destroy the nature. Actually we are not destroying the nature but we are destroying ourselves. Our lives totally depend upon the nature. Through the writer’s appeal to join the parts of the chopped trees, he wants to remind human beings about their important works to be done to conserve the greenery of the nature.
Unchopping a tree is impossible. It is only a kind of feeling but certainly it has meaning. The writer emphasizes on the preservation of the nature. The nature should be preserved and those persons who cur the trees must plant some more in replacement. When they save and plant the trees, it is unchopping a tree. The writer warns that it is easy to destroy but very hard to create. He further says that life of a tree and human life are the same so they should be preserved with equal emphasis. Not only the trees we should save but also should protect the habitats of some animals who live in trees.
The writer tries to persuade us how to work hard to bring the chopped tree into the original situation, which is not really possible. When a tree is felled down, there is no way to bring it into its original condition. But its place can be replaced with more trees, which we plant. Trees are also the important parts of the ecosystem as other living creatures. We should think of conservation of such trees instead of deforestation for the protection of the ecosystem.

The Three Days Blow

THE THREE DAY BLOW
[Written by: Earnest Hemingway (1899-1961)]
Major characters: - Nick & Bill
-A dramatic story that conveys the fullness of a formal rituals.

This is a dramatic story which contains the dramatic elements like character setting, scene etc. In this story the writer draws on analogy between the three day blow and the mental agony of the hero, Nick. This story is a dramatic story which contains approximately seven scenes, apart from the expository one. This story has two major character Nick and the bill and the entire story takes place either inside or outside the cottage . When the story begins Nick was walking around orchard near the cottage. The rain has just stopped and the autumn wind is blowing .Nick reaches the cottage .After this expository scenes there are seven more scenes. In the very first scenes Bills meet Nick at the door telling him that his father is out in the woods for hunting .Then they start talking about the blowing of the wind with Bill saying “She will blow like that for three for the next three days “.In the next scene both of them go inside start drinking. While drinking they discuss a variety of the topics like base ball players .Their favorite writer and their father .In the third scene nick want to that he is not drink .So he goes to bring a log to add it in the fire place. But while passing a pan with dry apricots fall off the Kitchen table .In the next scene Bill helps Nick to put log on the fire place and he brings another bottle of the whiskey.
In the next scene Nick goes into the Kitchen to drink some water. On his way back, he sees a mirror and looks on it. He smiles at strange face and the face too grins back. Then he winks at it and goes .Finally after many drinks they start talking about Nick was wish to be separated from his girlfriend .In bills opinion ,to get married is to ruin oneself. Nick has left her mother because of her trouble maker mother .Bills goes on giving several reason regarding why he did good by leaving his girlfriend while Nick just listen. After sometime Nick is lost in himself and he is no This is a dramatic story which contains the dramatic elements like character setting, scene etc. In this story the writer draws on analogy between the three day blow and the mental agony of the hero, Nick. This story is a dramatic story which contains approximately seven scenes, apart from the expository one. This story has two major character Nick and the bill and the entire story takes place either inside or outside the cottage . When the story begins Nick was walking around orchard near the cottage. The rain has just stopped and the autumn wind is blowing .Nick reaches the cottage .After this expository scenes there are seven more scenes. In the very first scenes Bills meet Nick at the door telling him that his father is out in the woods for hunting .Then they start talking about the blowing of the wind with Bill saying “She will blow like that for three for the next three days “.In the next scene both of them go inside start drinking. While drinking they discuss a variety of the topics like base ball players .Their favorite writer and their father .In the third scene nick want to that he is not drink .So he goes to bring a log to add it in the fire place. But while passing a pan with dry apricots fall off the Kitchen table .In the next scene Bill helps Nick to put log on the fire place and he brings another bottle of the whiskey.

In the next scene Nick goes into the Kitchen to drink some water. On his way back, he sees a mirror and looks on it. He smiles at strange face and the face too grins back. Then he winks at it and goes .Finally after many drinks they start talking about Nick was wish to be separated from his girlfriend .In bills opinion ,to get married is to ruin oneself. Nick has left her mother because of her trouble maker mother .Bills goes on giving several reason regarding why he did good by leaving his girlfriend while Nick just listen. After sometime Nick is lost in himself and he is no more drunk. The case of Marjorie seems to bother Nick a lot. According to nick everything was suddenly finished between him and Marjorie. It was just like the three day blow which comes suddenly and takes all the leaves off the tree. Finally, Nick seems to change his mind about the whole situation. Now ,he resolves to find Marjorie at any cost. Then Nick feels quite happy and relieved As he said, “There is always a chance”. In the last scene both of them feel that they should go hunting and they go out in the wild. Drunk. The case of Marjorie seems to bother Nick a lot. According to nick everything was suddenly finished between him and Marjorie. It was just like the three day blow which comes suddenly and takes all the leaves off the tree. Finally ,Nick seems to change his mind about the whole situation. Now, he resolves to find Marjorie at any cost. Then Nick feels quite happy and relieved As he said, “There is always a chance”. In the last scene both of them feel that they should go hunting and they go out in the wild.


Alternatively,

The Three Days Blow
Ernest Hemingway
“ The Three Days Blow” is a plot less story in a dramatic way. Two friends Nick and Bill meet at Bill’s cottage. The weather is shown violent. There is rain and storm. So, this is an ideal situation to stay inside home. They make fire, burn lots of logs and make themselves warm. They drink different alcohol and go on talking about different topics such as books, fishing, girlfriend, hunting, etc. without any plot, the story ends. The topics of the talk change suddenly from one subject to another. There is no third character. We know a lot about the subject, which go through their conversation only. Bill and Nick have no specific purpose of meetings or talking. The weather creates situation for them. This keeps them inside when they talk about different topics. Hemingway creates situation of drinking so that they can reveal their feelings. The scene moves forward excluding the opening exposition. He talks about the weather- rainfall, storm, wind, surf, etc. suddenly, he begins to have different sorts of drinks and talk about games of baseball. The topic of their talk shifts to books and writer. They slowly get drunk and talk about their habits. Then, they talk about nick’s girlfriend. This is the climax of the story. The theme of this scene lastly talks about hunting and go to.
When we read the drama, this scene opens one by one. The title of the story says something symbolically. Weather doesn’t remain same always. Even a single day we can experience the fluctuation of weather. This is the principle of nature. Weather is dynamic; it doesn’t remain constant all the time. Just like weather, mental conflict of tension of suffering is presented in several scenes or sequence of events. In the beginning scene, nick looks calm but with the movement of different scenes, his calm face changes.
The setting of this story goes to be open with a nice scene. Nick is presented in the beginning on the way. He is going up to the village. Natural presentation is also seen. There is an orchard and we see the blowing of air, breeze that is the first autumn storm. Nick picks up an apple and keeps it in his pocket. The two characters Nick and Bill are presented inside the house. They have their personal talk. The story begins with the scene of woods, lakes, kitchen, sitting room, dining room etc. In the beginning Nick is seen and the story ends with guns. They go down where Bill’s father was hunting. There are similar events between the whether and sequence of events of “The Three Days Blow”. There is conflict in the character Nick. He is getting confused about his girl friend Marjorie. He wants to meet her again but Bill makes him leave her. He wants to marry her although her mother is bad. So the conflicts are similar. There is union in both weather hand love of Nick with Marjorie. Weather becomes fair and love also becomes negotiable.

The story is dramatic because there are characters and dialogues and unity of time and place. There are two characters Nick and Bill who have continuous dialogues like in the drama. The setting of the story is also like a drama. There is internal and external scene. These scenes can be converted into the drama. They just talk about some little subject that is the subject matter of both drama and story. These story deals with love. Marjorie’s mother can be presented as an antagonist, Nick as a protagonist and Bill as an inciting force. So the story is dramatic.
The three-day blow and Nick’s mental condition are related. Marjorie’s business is fundamental subject of the story. Nick, though he is not enjoyed with her, is going to get married. Because of her mother, he breaks relation from Marjorie, his beloved. After different kinds of talks Bill and Nick’s conversations is concentrated. Marjorie’s business has broken his relation with her easily. So moment from Nick’s conflicts of love affairs, through suffering and separation to reconciliation ends. Thus Marjorie’s business is like a three day below that comes and disappears itself. Three-day blow comes, threatens and finally goes away. In the same way, conflict of love appears and disappears with despair and again with hope.

The Marjorie’s business is fundamental subject of this story. Nick, though he was not engaged with her, was going to get married. Because of her mother he broke relation from Marjorie, his beloved. His mother was very terrible. To marry her meant he would have married the whole family her mother.

Though the character Bill, the writer seems to be giving practical message. Nick seems to be emotional but Bill is practical. Nick is ready to accept Marjorie although her mother was bad. He really loves her and ready to accept her. His life can be compared with the storm. The moment when he met Marjorie and he left her due to unfavorable situation that moment is just like a violent storm, which doesn’t last for long time in the nature. Bill is practical. He says Nick to forget all the events related with Marjorie and lead his wife towards new direction. Human life is a mixture of sorrow and happiness. If any disastrous event comes in our life also, we should control our emotion and lead our life towards new phase and time happily. We should have capacity to adjust with all the fluctuations that come in our life.

The Six Million Dollar Man

The Six Million Dollar Man
Harold J. Morowit(1927)z

Major theme: To find out the (chemical) value of human life which is priceless.
Dr. Harold J Morowita is a professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry. He is a scientist, teacher, and author. ‘The Six Million Dollar Man’ is a popular essay in which Morowitz examines the statistical statement that the chemical value of the human body is only 97 cents. He spends his essay in refining and improving the statement and tries to arrive at a more accurate definition at the end.
From a biochemical catalogue he collects the information about the price of ingredients that the human body is made of. Then he calculates the average value of a gram dry weight of human being and his own dry weight. When he multiplies both, he finds his price, i.e. Six million dollar. But soon he realizes that each human being is priceless and infinitely precious. He concludes his essay with Alfred North Whiteheads conclusion that “ the human body is an instrument for the production at art in the life of the human soul.”
The author received a humorous birthday and from his daughter and son-in-law with a caption “ According to BIOCHEMISTS the materials that make up the HUMAN BODY are only worth 190 cents.” The definition compelled him to make thorough study of the entire matter. He started by sitting down with his catalogue from a biochemical company and began to list the ingredients and their prices. His biochemical value was 97c when he was paying for the informally poorest form of cool, air, water, lime, bulk iron, etc. but in the six million dollar figure he was paying for his atoms in the highest informational state in which they are commercially available.
It can be done for less than six thousand trillion dollars. But we cannot evaluate the human life in biochemical point of view. An incubator can develop micro-organisms artificially but it cannot assemble the cells into tissues, tissues into organs, and organs into a person, fill it with life and make a human being.
Thus, each human being is priceless and infinitely precious. We cannot evaluate a person’s life in terms of money. The rationality and humanity are the characteristics of human being. It can produce anything. Alfred North Whitehead is true that “ The human body is an instrument for the production of art in the life of human soul.”
Morowitz shifts his subject. He starts out talking about the human body and ends up talking about the human being. Human body and human being differ from each other. Human body is made up of chemical organism but a man becomes human being because of consciousness, rationality and some indispensable human qualities.

Alternatively,

THE SIX MILLION DOLLAR MAN
Written by: Harold J. Morowitz (1927)

In this essay the writer examines and criticizes the statical statement that the chemical value of the human body is only a few cents and not even a dollar .The writer once got a birthday card which mentioned that the chemical values of the Human body in only 97 cents. He was not satisfied with this definition and wanted to make a complete study of that matter by himself. The writer took a chemical supply catalogue and began to look the prices of all the chemicals that composed the human body. As he calculated the percentage of each chemical in the composition of the human body, he found out that the average value of a dry human body (Body composition without water) was 245.54 $/gram. The writer’s dry weight was 24436 grams .Finally multiplying his weight by 245.54 he found out that his body worth was more than $ 6 million.
But when the writer examined further he found out that the $ 6 million figure of the average human bodies worth is inaccurate .Even six million dollar were very low price for the human body. That figures applies only to the Human atoms price at their raw or informational state. But the chemicals in the human body are in purified stage .If the supply companies of chemicals had to purify or synthesize these chemical at raw state ,the price of a human body would be 6 billion dollar.
Now if these synthesized molecules were assembled into the cell, then the price would jump to six hundred billion or perhaps six trillion dollar. Now if we assemble the cells into tissues, the tissue into the organs and the organs into the whole body the price of the human body will increase beyond of ours immunization. Then, we suddenly realizes that each human being is infinity priceless.
Thus the writer begins with talking about the low price of human body and ends up talking about the priceless human being .He begins with isolated chemicals and then goes to larger compounds like cells, tissue, organ and then finally to a human being .From few cents he comes to dollar and from few dollar he comes to the great philosophical conclusion that every human being is endlessly valuable.

The Poplar Field

THE POPLAR FIELD
[Written by: William Cowper (1731-1800)]
-It is a profound contemplation over the transition of human life and the things in nature that serve as remarkable source of pleasure to humans.
The poem urges us to protect nature. In the poem the poet express his personal emotion and feeling with nostalgic tone. The poet used to enjoy among the poplar trees in the past but now as the tree has been cut down the poet doesn’t get any cool shade and melodious song of the wind. The wind no longer plays and sing in the leaves of poplar trees because the tree is no longer exist also the poet could no longer see the reflection of poplar trees in the water of Oise river .Here, the tone of the poet is nostalgic.
His nostalgic tone continuous even in the second and third stanzas. Twelve year before the poet used to enjoy the beautiful scenery of the poplar field. He used to sit under the cool shade of the trees but now as the trees are laid down on the grass he sits on their logs. Once he used to hear the sweet song of the blackbirds but now they have flown away for another shelter.
The poet years are passing very quickly and one day he will have to die and lie in his grave but by then other poplar trees will not have grown in the place of the dead trees because it takes a longtime for the new trees to grow .Here the poet images himself dying and lying on his grave. He means that he has to die before another such groove of poplar trees grow in the place of the dead ones.
The bitter fact makes the poet contemplate on the temporary nature of human pleasure. The poet used to feel tremendous pleasure in the company of the poplar trees but now when the trees have been destroyed his pleasure too has perished and his pleasure cannot be restored in his lifetime, because it takes long time for the new poplar trees to grow in the place of the old ones. So the poet concludes that human enjoyment has shorter death than their short lives. The poet means that human pleasure dies sooner than human themselves.


Alternatively,

The Poplar Field
William Cowper
Hemingway is a romantic poet. Like his other literary works, this is also a romantic poem representing nature. He describes the difference in the environment and natural beauty before and after the poplar trees are fallen down. With example of poplar trees, the poet wants to show the real phase of human life according to rule of nature.
The poplars are cut down which used to grow along the Ouse River. The river doesn’t reflect the beautiful shadows of these trees. The musical environment has been ruined now. The leaves don’t blow the air and sing a song in happy mood. There are also no shades. These trees were once in the field but now they have become seats. Not only the environment has been ruined but there is also destruction of the blackbird’s habitat. The bird used to add charm in that beautiful environment by its different types of melodious songs. It has transferred its nest to the hazel trees to get shelter and shade.
The poet thinks that his days too are passing away fast and should be lying down like those poplars. He thinks that he will be in the tomb before such grove will grow again. Such scenes make him think deeply about human lives. He understands that trees are perishable like the woods. Such events inspire him to think about the perishable nature of human joys and our enjoyment is short when our lives are so short. Man is the most perishable thing in the world and will live shorter than now in the future.
The poem deals with the personal feeling according to the principle of romanticism. Romantic writers don’t write care the common interest so they express their personal emotions using singular pronoun ‘I’. So, in this poem we see the first person instead of others. Personal approach makes the expression stronger and powerful.
The poem compares the life cycle of poplar and the human life. Poplar grows up; it produces branches, leaves, etc. it makes shades and pillars. It lies down and perishes in the ground. Our lives also grow and perish. Human life is also similar to the natural life. However, the life of nature or tree passes through time. The human life is also the same. So, our enjoyment goes away from the life. As human life is not certain, we should live our life, every moment of life enjoying a lot and with great happiness. We cannot take these enjoyable moments with us after our death. We can take only the physical body, which we get from the nature. Our pleasures and enjoyments all die before our death.

The poem is remarkable for its celebration of the rural and its nostalgic tone. (Nostalgic poems are reminiscences of past life of a writer, is also part of autobiography). The poet recollects the scene of the poplar trees, which he used to enjoy the whispering sound of the tree columns. Winds used to play and sing in the leaves. Rivers reflect the image of the trees beautifully. Birds have shifted to other places. Melody has disappeared. Now he has no pleasures in these poplar trees. After 12 years he sees the field and feels everything dead by deplumation.
The poet has given indirect suggestion to the readers to protect the natural vegetation. He warns us that if we won’t protect the green forests now only, we will die before age. We should understand that we are living in this world just due to nature. We are just the products of nature and one day we have to surrender ourselves in the lap of nature. The poet has written this poem in defense of natural conservation because he thinks that we get some important human aspects from the trees. The poplars represent the forest. When we preserve the trees we can get shades and pillars for houses. Birds live there and they sing some melodious songs, which make our lives joyful. The poet compares the tree with human life and says our lives are more perishable than the trees. We are destroyed by the nature. So we should defend the nature.

The Nightmare Life Without Fuel

THE NIGHTMARE LIFE WITHOUT FUEL
[Written by: Issac Asimov (1920-1992)]
Major theme: - To draw the attention of concerned authority and all about the fuel/energy crisis in near future and to encourage to use non-renewable resources wisely.
In this essay the writer Isaac Asimov (1920-1992) deals with problem of fuel crises and draws our attention to the issue of conserving fuel. The major thrust (focus) of this essay is what is going to happen if we don’t conserve the world natural resources. Throughout the essay the writer depicts the nightmare life without the fuel. In this essay the writer portrays the American life during late 1990 when Americans were having horrible problem by the fuel crises. Because of the fuel crises in 1997 the prices of the fuel raised high and only very rich people can have the car. Life was worse outside the city area in the suburb area as due to the fuel crises the people living in suburbs used to push carts. If the road was blocked due to the snow storm, they suffered more. They couldn’t buy a lot of food at one time and they couldn’t use the refrigerator either. Because of the difficulty of the distribution of the food, Americans were forced to eat less.
The situation of the people outside America was worse. Not more than 20% of population has enough food to eat. The first and for most helpless victim of this starvation were babies after their mothers had gone dry because of the lack of nutrition.
About 40% of the people manage to little to keep their bodies working but that provide to be not enough for their brain. Those people were alive but they were permanently brain-damaged under nutrition. Moreover because of the fuel crises there were no more armies because they were expensive can consumed a lot of energy. The writer calls armies “The Expensive, energy gobbling monstrosities”.
The writer further depicts the nightmare life without fuel by informing that machines most be replaced by the humans bodies because of the fuel crises .People worked like machine and they had less free time. In fact they didn’t need more free time because they couldn’t enjoy T.V, movie and news book for a long time .work, Sleep and Eating had became the most important aspects of their life according to the writer the day had almost returned to the day of 18th century to the day before machine, industry, technology and the population of the world was going to be reduced from 5.5 billion to 1 billion because of hunger, diseases and starvation.
The writer concludes his essay by saying that now in such a situation the American could do nothing to prevent all this disaster, But if they would have started earlier, it would have been easy.


Alternatively,

The Nightmare Life Without Fuel
-Isaac Asimov

“The Nightmare Life Without Fuel” is an essay, which depicts the life of this world in coming future when the fuel resources will have reduced from their source. The main thrust of this essay is: what is going to happen if we do not conserve the world’s natural resources. Asimov focuses on a specific problem that will arise by the lack of fuels. This whole world is run by different resources such as petrol, diesel, water, wood, etc. We cannot imagine this world without the use of fuel. In comparison to the past days, we are now facing the problem of scarcity of fuel resources. Earlier these resources were found in large quantity and life style was easier.
As the fuel resources were abundantly found, every sector was found running successfully and easily. Factories, industries, transportation, great organizations, etc. were in proper condition. People didn’t have problem of scarcity of fuel resources. But slowly and gradually population growth increased and brought bad consequences. Agricultural lands occupied by huge buildings and industries. Also, the number of vehicles also increased. Due to the maximum use of the resources, human life has been in discomfort. Human beings feel that their lives are really unsecured. They always have fear that they will lose work and food. They think that they are themselves responsible for causing scarcity of resources. As they are less conscious of their future, they suffer because of the destruction of the resources. Most of them claim that they will have new resources invented. Of course, new resources such as nuclear energy and solar power have been discovered but they are very dangerous and also expensive in use. People know that their pleasures are in danger and also their future is dark. Coming generations will suffer more than us.
Asimov focuses on the decreasing resources of fuel in the world. The life will be full of struggle without fuel resources. This world will slowly go dark, as less lighting bulbs will be there in the streets. Electrical appliances will be used less as there will also be scarcity of electricity. Even luxurious provisions and equipments will be impossible. More time will be taken to do simple work also as there won’t be any vehicle running in the streets. There will be difficulty in transportation and accumulation of required foodstuffs. Due to the shortage of food, people will die due to starvation and malnutrition. Due to lack of proper balanced diet, there will be problem in human brains. Child death rate will increase, as children will be deprived of proper nutritious and body building food. Specially, simple towns, suburbs will be affected much. These areas depend upon transportation for all kinds of things. They will be in danger of extinction. Every human activity will be minimized due to less light, heat, and less comfort.
Security forces will also be affected badly. Without the use of weapons, military forces will be purposeless. Their work will end because they can’t work without fuel. They use scientific weapons, which are operate with fuel and are very expensive. Only the technically strong countries will be able to exercise their military power if fuel is saved in time. Factory workers will be jobless as industries and factories will be closed. So, it will be very difficult for them to provide basic needs to their family also.
Only small benefits will be there due to lack of fuel. The environment will be fresh, cool and pure. Crime rates will decrease. People will understand the importance of nature and will go attached with it. People will be cooperative, as all of them will be facing same problem. They will keep themselves warm using sweaters and other thick clothes only.
The writer tries to warn us from the devastating situation of this world in the coming future. If we are not serious at present only, we have to suffer a lot in the future. We must t understand the importance of the nature and try to conserve it. The world is depending upon the trade and because of trade the environment is being neglected. People are living in the cities and the environment of the cities is polluted. Major population of world should be engaged to plant the trees to make a better world in future. We cannot use the solar easily and even if we use, it cannot naturally help us. But if we preserve the jungle, our environment and energy will be improved.

The Loving Mother

THE LOVING MOTHER
A story from the island of Hokkaido, Japan
[Major characters: Shoji Sakota]
‘The Loving Mother’ is a story that reveals the everlasting love of a mother to her baby even after her death. It particularly gives central focus round the mysterious arrival of a woman at a pharmacist’s usually at midnight. Shoji Sakota, the protagonist of this story undergoes an unseen fear when he received the frequent visit in the same time almost every night. Sakota was a Japanese pharmacist who lived a lonely life since his wife had died many years before. One stormy winter night, when he was preparing the annual business report, someone knocked at the door. At first he didn’t pay much attention towards the knock thinking that whoever came there would see the drugstore closed and return back. Second time also he heard the knock at the door and thought that the wind was making the sound. The frequency of knock grew that compelled him to think whether he might have some urgent house call. He looked outside from the window quietly and saw there a woman standing and speaking in a trembling voice. He suspected her and thought whether it might be her trick to rob him. But her continuous pleads made him open the door. The woman looked not like a normal woman. She was wearing a torn out gown and her hair was not arranged. She asked Sakota for an ame on a stick. Sakota was surprised when he knew about her request because he thought that she would ask for the medicine.
The woman came to the shop in the following nights regularly with same request at the same time. With a view to have detail study about a woman, he called his friend who was a photographer by profession. They managed to take photos of that woman secretly. But, when the film was developed, there was no sign of the woman except the things in the drugstore. The mystery remained so intense that ultimately forced them to follow her up to her bedroom. They followed on her way back to her home and they became able to find the same woman lying beside her child who was enjoying the ame on a stick, which she brought from Shoji Sakota. When Mr. Sakota saw her sleeping instantly, he thought it was merely a kind of pretension. The moment he touched her with his fingers he became sure that she had been dead for many days.
In this story, the spirit of a loving mother visited Mr. Sakota’s pharmacy in order to buy ame on a stick mostly preferred by her child. Though the mother is dead, her spirit shows an infinite love to her child who is reported to have been sick for many days. Her death was quite unknown to others. Moreover, there was nobody to look after her.

Alternatively,

The Loving Mother
‘The Loving Mother’ is a story that reveals the everlasting love of a mother to her baby even after her death. It particularly gives central focus round the mysterious arrival of a woman at a pharmacist’s usually at midnight. Shoji Sakota, the protagonist of this story undergoes an unseen fear when he received the frequent visit in the same time almost every night. Sakota was a Japanese pharmacist who lived a lonely life since his wife had died many years before. One stormy winter night, when he was preparing the annual business report, someone knocked at the door. At first he didn’t pay much attention towards the knock thinking that whoever came there would see the drugstore closed and return back. Second time also he heard the knock at the door and thought that the wind was making the sound. The frequency of knock grew that compelled him to think whether he might have some urgent house call. He looked outside from the window quietly and saw there a woman standing and speaking in a trembling voice. He suspected her and thought whether it might be her trick to rob him. But her continuous pleads made him open the door. The woman looked not like a normal woman. She was wearing a torn out gown and her hair was not arranged. She asked Sakota for an ame on a stick stick. Sakota was surprised when he knew about her request because he thought that she would ask for the medicine.
The woman came to the shop in the following nights regularly with same request at the same time. With a view to have detail study about a woman, he called his friend who was a photographer by profession. They managed to take photos of that woman secretly. But, when the film was developed, there was no sign of the woman except the things in the drugstore. The mystery remained so intense that ultimately forced them to follow her up to her bedroom. They followed on her way back to her home and they became able to find the same woman lying beside her child who was enjoying the ame on a stick, which she brought from Shoji Sakota. When Mr. Sakota saw her sleeping instantly, he thought it was merely a kind of pretension. The moment he touched her with his fingers he became sure that she had been dead for many days.
In this story, the spirit of a loving mother visited Mr. Sakota’s pharmacy in order to buy ame on a stick mostly preferred by her child. Though the mother is dead, her spirit shows an infinite love to her child who is reported to have been sick for many days. Her death was quite unknown to others. Moreover, there was nobody to look after her.

The Lost Doll

THE LOST DOLL
A story from Colombia, South Africa
[Major characters: Maria del Carmen, Roberto & Rosa- father and mother of Carmen Evangelina- little sister of Carmen]
Carmen was the only child of Roberto and Rosa Soto. She was beautiful, bright and loving child. However she was sick from the day of her birth. When she was four, she fell sick seriously and died. A few days after the funeral ceremony, Rosa gave away Carmen’s playthings and clothes to a priest of another village so that she couldn’t see them time and again. She thought that she wouldn’t have another child as she was told at the time of Carmen’s birth. When Roberto knew about it, he became very unhappy because he was hopeful that they would have another child. He asked about her the little dolly which Carmen always carried with her. Rosa said that she didn’t give it away. Then they searched everywhere in the house as well asked the villagers too but they couldn’t find it.
However, they soon forgot about the lost doll because Rosa became pregnant. On the first anniversary of the death of Carmen, Rosa gave birth to another child. Roberto and Rosa became very happy. She was named Evangelina, which meant “good news”. When Evangelina grew she looked very much similar to her sister Carmen. But she was healthy girl. When she was about four, she told her mother that she had been sick a long time ago. She also told her aunt that she had a little, beautiful doll with blue eyes and red dress. She had buried it under a tree in the yard. She requested her mother to dig up the doll. When Rosa dug up the ground, she found the lost doll. She looked surprised, shocked and sick because it was difficult for her to believe. Evangelina also said that when she was sick, the nice man came and helped her to bury that doll under the tree.
The story accounts the supernatural significance regarding its particular focus on the concept of reincarnation. When Evangelina was born and grown up, she looked very much similar to that of Carmen’s actions, characters, behaviors and other many things were very much similar. The priest said that God healed Carmen and sent her back in the form of healthy Evangelina. Though Rosa did not believe that her newly born child as the reincarnation of Carmen but she could not reject the mysterious fact towards the end of the story. When Evangelina reported everything about past and about her doll, Rosa could say nothing anymore.

Alternatively

The Lost Doll
Carmen was the only child of Roberto and Rosa Soto. She was beautiful, bright and loving child. However she was sick from the day of her birth. When she was four, she fell sick seriously and died. A few days after the funeral ceremony, Rosa gave away Carmen’s playthings and clothes to a priest of another village so that she couldn’t see them time and again. She thought that she wouldn’t have another child as she was told at the time of Carmen’s birth. When Roberto knew about it, he became very unhappy because he was hopeful that they would have another child. He asked about her the little dolly which Carmen always carried with her. Rosa said that she didn’t give it away. Then they searched everywhere in the house as well asked the villagers too but they couldn’t find it.
However they soon forgot about the lost doll because Rosa became pregnant. On the first anniversary of the death of Carmen, Rosa gave birth to another child. Roberto and Rosa became very happy. She was named Evangelina, which meant “good news”. When Evangelina grew she looked very much similar to her sister Carmen. But she was healthy girl. When she was about four, she told her mother that she had been sick a long time ago. She also told her aunt that she had a little, beautiful doll with blue eyes and red dress. She had buried it under a tree in the yard. She requested her mother to dig up the doll. When Rosa dug up the ground, she found the lost doll. She looked surprised, shocked and sick because it was difficult for her to believe. Evangelina also said that when she was sick, the nice man came and helped her to bury that doll under the tree.
The story accounts the supernatural significance regarding its particular focus on the concept of reincarnation. When Evangelina was born and grown up, she looked very much similar to that of Carmen’s actions, characters, behaviours and other many things were very much similar. The priest said that God healed Carmen and sent her back in the form of healthy Evangelina. Though Rosa did not believe that her newly born child as the reincarnation of Carmen but she could not reject the mysterious fact towards the end of the story. When Evangelina reported everything about past and about her doll, Rosa could say nothing anymore.

The House Call

THE HOUSE CALL
A story from Germany
[Major characters: Dr. Emil Braun, Elda and her daughter Adelheid]
“The House Call” is a story from Germany that basically concentrates upon the mysterious arrival of the spirit of a young girl to make a call to the doctor for the treatment of her mother who was suffering from pneumonia for several days. Dr. Brawn, the protagonist of this story, is identified as the famous surgeon in his locality. The day after the Christmas of 1903, he was sitting alone in his dining room in about 9:30 p.m. he was quite tired even unable to take his evening meal due to hard surgery, which he performed on his particular day. He was preparing report about his surgical works and putting his head down the table and dozing. He suddenly woke up when he heard the doorbell.
After sometime, he came to know that he had a patient to see. In fact it was a young girl who had come to call the doctor for her mother. Despite his exertion, Braun decided to follow her up to her home and see her mother. The doctor tried to catch her up on the way so that he could have asked many questions related to her mother and about herself. The doctor was old enough to walk on the speed as the girl was making a rush towards her home. Anyway the doctor managed to follow her till he reached at her old apartment where a woman seemed to be lying on the bed.
The doctor checked her up and found that she was suffering from pneumonia. He provided her some medicine that comforted the woman because she was the same woman who once worked in the same hospital as the maintenance staff. The doctor knew that Elda had gone to stay at her brother’s house in the village. The woman further added that she came back just three months ago after her only child Adelheid died. Dr. Braun was very surprised because the very child had been to the doctor to make a call. The woman further showed some of her belongings to revive her memory in her old and least furnished apartment. The ragged shawl and tattered shoes shown to doctor by her mother made him more confused and serious because he had seen the girl in the same dress. When he looked at Elda he found her asleep and returned with his black bag on his hand.

Alternatively,

The House Call
“The House Call” is a story from Germany that basically concentrates upon the mysterious arrival of the spirit of a young girl to make a call to the doctor for the treatment of her mother who was suffering from pneumonia for several days. Dr. Brawn, the protagonist of this story, is identified as the famous surgeon in his locality. The day after the Christmas of 1903, he was sitting alone in his dining room in about 9:30 p.m. he was quite tired even unable to take his evening meal due to hard surgery, which he performed on his particular day. He was preparing report about his surgical works and putting his head down the table and dozing. He suddenly woke up when he heard the doorbell. After sometime, he came to know that he had a patient to see. In fact it was a young girl who had come to call the doctor for her mother. Despite his exertion, Braun decided to follow her up to her home and see her mother. The doctor tried to catch her up on the way so that he could have asked many questions related to her mother and about herself. The doctor was old enough to walk on the speed as the girl was making a rush towards her home. Anyway the doctor managed to follow her till he reached at her old apartment where a woman seemed to be lying on the bed.
The doctor checked her up and found that she was suffering from pneumonia. He provided her some medicine that comforted the woman because she was the same woman who once worked in the same hospital as the maintenance staff. The doctor knew that Elda had gone to stay at her brother’s house in the village. The woman further added that she came back just three months ago after her only child Adelheid died. Dr. Braun was very surprised because the very child had been to the doctor to make a call. The woman further showed some of her belongings to revive her memory in her old and least furnished apartment. The ragged shawl and tattered shoes shown to doctor by her mother made him more confused and serious because he had seen the girl in the same dress. When he looked at Elda he found her asleep and returned with his black bag on his hand.

The Gardener

THE GARDENER
Written by: Rudyard Kipling( 1865-1936)
# Story represents Kipling’s scorn of organized society’s shallowness of feeling and his conviction of the depth and purity of individual feelings.
[Major characters: Helen Turrell, Michael Turrell, Mrs. Scarsworth, the gardener]
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936), a British poet, novelist, and the writer of short stories was born in India and set many of his writings in the Indian flavor. He was awarded by the Nobel Prize for literature in 1907.
‘The Gardener’ ends surprisingly revealing the reality of Helen, the protagonist, and her relationship with Michael. Michael, whom Helen calls nephew, is in reality, her son whose father is unknown throughout the story. The gardener is a mysterious character who does not appear at first and in the middle but only at the last of the story creating confusions in the readers.
Helen Turrell conceals (hides) the truth about Michael till the end of the story but she does not show any reaction when the gardener confidently says he will tell where her son lies.
The villagers of Hampshire believe Michael to be an unfortunate son of Helen’s late brother, George Turrell and his beloved (not wife). Actually it was not so. She had created a false story about Michael’s parents. Michael was born when Helen was in southern part of France. She had told lies about her trip that she had long troubles. Because of the fear of social stigma she had told another lie that she had arranged for the passage of the child and a nurse from Bombay. She was thirty-five when she gave birth to the child. She showed much fondness to the child despite the fact that she was not the child lover.
Michael was fearless, Philosophical, and fairly good-looking. At the age of six, he knew that Helen was not her real mother but his aunt. She did not allow Michael to say her mummy because she was unmarried. To escape from the society’s contempt, she made Michael know the false reality.
Michael got maturity in due course of time but his interest in Helen was constant and increasing throughout. Though Helen wanted him to go to Oxford University, he took war as his career. The First World War was going on. Many soldiers were killed during war. Michael was killed by the shell-splinter explosion. After getting full proof about his death, Helen, being a next of –kin, prepared to go and see his grave in Hazenzeelein the third Military Cemetery with perfect information.
In a teashop, three kilometers away from cemetery, she met an English Woman, Mrs. Scarsworth. They stopped in a hotel where Mrs. Scarsworth revealed that she had come there to see the grave of someone special to her and also that she was unmarried. Helen told lie that she had come to see her nephew’s grave.
Next morning she walked alone towards the grave. As she was searching at the mean time she saw a man knelt behind a line of headstones-evidently a gardener. He did not introduce with her neither did he salute her. He asked her who she was looking for. She said it was Lieutenant Michael Turrell, her nephew. He had finite compassion in his expression and eyes. He said he would show her where her ‘son’ lay. She went away, supposing him to be the gardener when she left the cemetery.

Speaking Of Children

SPEAKING OF CHILDREN
[Written by: Barbara Holland]
Major theme of essay: - drawbacks of having more children.
“Speaking of Children” is one of humorous essay that explains about that the obstacles that the parents have to face after having many children. The essayist has lightly and joyfully criticized about having more number of children. According to the essayist one child is lake a part of parent body .He is outnumbered. Parents can do anything with him. They can brainwash him or teach him anything they lake .They can take him to anywhere they like as well. But plural children make parents life troublesome .Parents cannot enjoy their holiday freely. They have to go to the laces of the entertainment for children.
The famous writer Barbara Holland has lightly probed the subject matter in the essay. She has told that they have to rapidly change their flat for a better school for their children. In others word parents have to move from their own life to their children life. Thus, with own child parents can live in their own way but with more than one child their lives become complicated. Moreover according to the writer some private chatting between husband and wife is important for a healthy marriage life .But the couple having many children nearly gets any chance for the private talk .Whenever they start talking they are disturbed by the children by the one way or another way. To express their feelings the husband and the wife can write to each other but after the children learn to read ,they cannot do that either .The parents have to use different languages or they can telephone to each other from their office.
In this essay, the writer delightfully examines the disadvantages of having many children and advantages of having single children.

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Speaking Of Children
Barbara Holland

‘Speaking of Children’ is an essay by Barbara Holland in which she delightfully and critically examines the idea of having more than one child and the consequent expenses of parents. The entire essay centers round the issue of having a single child is far better than to have money. The essayist goes on arguing the possible difficulties and disasters which the parents have it bear if a house is filled with many children. She has raised the most burning issue of overpopulation that has further generated series of challenges and risks to the living beings of the present world.
She begins this essay with a humble statement ‘one child is an appendage and more than one is a way of life’. The statement genuinely implies that single child like our body and we can attach him or her in our body and we can carry wherever we go or whatever our circumstances may be. But having many children in the house is certainly a matter of burden. It is obvious that it is quite hard for the parents to provide proper care and affection equally for their all children. Consequently the children are abided from good education, proper health care and other facilities, which are the key components for the overall development of children’s personality. Moreover they disturb the privacy between husband and wife without letting them chances of private talk related to their job, income, business and their experiences of their duty and so on. In a sense they need to be worried all the time for their future prospects as well as to satisfy their unsuitable demands of hunger and enjoyment. The essayist minutely examines some other dark sides in this regard like they make their house dirty, create unnecessary noise, and make wounds in their body, which ultimately goes in the hands of parents.
Eventually, the essayist makes an appeal to the readers so as to make us aware of in time from committing such blunder. She strongly suggests us to have a single child for the happiness and prosperity of family life. Every details and illustrations are quite prescriptive in nature that intends us to be aware of such mistakes. The essay is quite funny, humorous, informative in quality and filled with various fragments.

The Recurring Dream

THE RECURRING DREAM
A story from England
[Major characters: Kimberly Clark and Janet Wilson]
The main character of this story, Kimberly Clerk, lives in London. She is a beautiful, young girl of 25 years old. Also she has a good position in her company and earns a handsome amount of money.
But Kim has a problem. She has a problem of Recurring Dream. She sees a mysterious dream night after night. In her Dream she sees a person and place which are completely unknown to her. Her strange Dream always starts on a country road. Kim always stands on this road and she sees a lane with a white fence and a white hedge on both each side. At the end of that lane, on the top of the hill, Kim sees a beautiful white house with green shutters. In her dream, Kim walks up the lane and towards the house, reaches the house and enters the house. Then, she looks around and in one of the rooms, she finds a man sleeping on the bed. That man is a little old man with white hair and white beard. When Kim comes near to his bead, that old man wakes up and looks at her. When Kim opens her mouth to speak to him, she suddenly wakes up in her own bed in London.
Kim is much troubled and bothered by that recurring dream of hers. Kim has a roommate named Janet Wilson with whom she shares everything. She has told her roommate about her strange dream too. One day Janet proposes Kim to her parent’s farmhouse in the countryside. Kim immediately accepts her proposal and both of them sets out to the countryside in Janet’s car. As soon as they enter on to a country road, Kim sees the same place as in her dream. Kim gets out from Janet’s car and stands out on the same country road on which she used to stand in her dream. Now Kim sees the same lane and the same house as of her Dream. Then, she slowly walks on that lane of the house. As soon as she reaches to the house she sees a board on which it was written “FOR SALE”. It was only the main difference she had seen against her Dream.
Kim knocks the door and her knock is answered by the same old man. To Kim’s surprise, that man is much terrified seeing her on his door and immediately closes the door. Kim requests the old man to open the door and the man opens the door again and asks Kim for why she came back again. Kim became so nervous and asked the old man that “This house is FOR SALE for what reason”. Then the old man replies that he is going to sale the house because the house is haunted by a ghost every night. When Kim asks the old man about the Ghost, he replies that the Ghost is none other than Kim herself.

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The “Recurring Dream” is a supernatural story that particularly centers round a strange dream, which Kim was frequently haunted by. Kimberly Clark, the protagonist, has undergone a serious problem which she had the same sort of dream time and again. She is a young and beautiful woman of twenty-five who used to live in London and worked in a large company. She keeps a good position in the office however she has a problem. She sees a mysterious and frightening dream almost every night. In the dream, she finds herself walking on a village lane that is surrounded by white fences on both sides of it. At the end of the lane there is a little hill where on the top a beautiful cottage is located. She enters inside the house and finds in an old man with white hair and white beards fallen asleep. When she goes near him he wakes up and looks at her. But when she tries to speak with him she wakes up and finds herself in her bed in London.
The recurring dream troubles her badly. So, she shares her problem with her roommate Janet Wilson. One day Janet went to her parents’ farm for a few days with Kim to keep Kim free from her problem. On the way Kim falls asleep and has the same dream. She was surprised to see the same place in front of her that she usually sees in her dream. She asks Janet to stop the car and she gets out of it. She sees the same lane, hill and cottage of her dream. As in the dream, she goes towards the house. There she sees assign of “FOR SALE” in front of the door.
As in the dream she knocks at the door and the same old man with white hair and white beard opens the door but he is afraid to see her. So, he immediately closes the door. Kim again requests him to open the door and when he opens it she asks him if the house is on sale. The man replied positively and says that a ghost has haunted the house every night. Then Kim asks him who the ghost is? The old man replies “It is you” then he closes the door.

Oops! How’s That Again?

Oops! How’s That Again?
Roger Rosenblatt

Major theme: To point out the mistakes while speaking, translating and so on.
“Oops! How’s That Again” is an essay written by Rosenblatt and this essay has a humorous tone. Through the humorous tone also, the essayist has tried to reflect the bitter reality of human beings when they make mistake when they speak. He enriches his discussion with remarkable examples; although, as befits its subject. He is much concerned with the psychological causes of bloopers.
Human beings often make mistake knowingly and unknowingly when they speak. After making mistake they also apologize for it. From the uneducated person to highly intellectual and educated, scholar, different mistakes are made according to their level. This essay describes the mistake the people make while speaking and the reasons behind it are divided into four categories. They are as follows: i. Public Blunders ii. Memorable Translations iii. Bloopers iv. Spoonerisms.
Public Blunders are the mistakes made by the people when they give speech. While delivering the speech, they don’t actually care for the grammatical mistakes or vocabulary mistakes. These mistakes are specially committed by especially by the political leaders when they deliver their speech. They try to give emphasis by giving different examples but their sentences are not totally complete. This happens due to their tongue slip. Here the speaker may be trying to give message from one view but the different audience may take it in wrong way.
Memorable translations are the mistakes generally done by the people who speak very fast. This is also related to the psychological condition of the listener. The words spoken by the fast speaker may not be easily understood the real words. There may be misunderstanding between the speaker and listener. The person with weak psychology, if, wrongly interprets the words of the speaker, it may bring violent situation.
Bloopers are the mistakes done foolishly and not tried to correct. These mistakes are very simple types of mistakes, which are not given much importance by the speaker. This may be the habit of some people.
Spoonerisms are the mistakes, which are done by the use of incorrect words due to tongues slips. Here, wrong words are not known by the listener as the speaker immediately tries to replace the wrong word when he comes to know the mistake. While the replacement of words the speaker should be conscious as wrong replacement can misinterpret the actual meaning.
There are different views about the verbal errors according to different people. Victoria Fromkin, a linguist, says that the verbal errors happen due to tongue slips concerned with the brain. Before the words are expressed, thought is placed by the brain into a grammatical framework. Sigmund Freud, a psychiatrist, presents his theory about the verbal error in different way. According to him, a tongue slips are caused by the network of id (unconscious mind), ego (subconscious mind) and superego (conscious mind). When people make mistakes, it has become the trend to laugh at them. Why do we laugh at them we don’t know. According to the philosopher Henri Bergson, the act of laughter is caused by any interruption of normal human fluidity or momentum. So, tongue slips are like slips of banana peels. We simply make fun and hoot at the errors simply to break the monotonies.

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Oops! How’s that again


In this essay the essayist humorously examines our verbal error’s. The essayist illustrates different variety of verbal error’s problems, why they happen and also explains we laugh at them. The writer is mainly concerned with the psychological causes of the verbal miss steps.
The writer begins with numerous examples of verbal errors .He organizes those examples into four groups as Public blunder, Mistranslation, Bloopers, Spoonerism. Public blunder is the first type of verbal errors in which the speaker comments some verbal errors publicly. E.g.: A businessman Peter Belfour wished the happy married life of prince Charles with lady Jane .But the prince was engaged to Lady Diana .Lady Jane was his Ex-Girlfriend. The second group of verbal errors is mistranslation .While translating something from one language to another language .Some wrong translation may occur E.g.: The slogan “Come Alive With Pepsi” failed in German when it was translated as “Come Alive Out of Grave With Pepsi”.
Further the writer talks about Bloopers which are the embracing errors made on Radio and Television by different R.J and V.J .E.g.: The radio announcer Harry Vonzell Tntroduce the president Herbert Hoover as Hoobert Heever. Finaly spoonerism is the transportation of the sound of the word by accident .This type of verbal errors was introduced by William spooner who once chided his student like this: “You have Hissed all my mystery lecture”. Actually he wanted to say “you have missed all my history lecture”. The writer than draws our attentation to the causes of such verbal errors. According to him such mistake are funny but linguist and psychologist think them as important verbal errors and psychological behavior .A linguist Victoria framkin psychoanalyst says that such slips of tongue are clues to show how our brain stores and articulates language. The Psychoanalyst, Sigmmd Freud explained such error’s (Verbal errors) as the expression of the speaker inner thoughts.
Writer examine why we laugh at such verbal errors. According to him at such mistake we laugh because they are new and delightful to us. According to the Philosopher Henri Bergson people laugh if there is a break in normal action of everyday monotonous life. The slips of the tongue breaks the everybody sameness and monotones. According to essayist we delightfully laugh at the slips of tongue because they are revelation of the speaker in her desires.
We laugh at the charitable wish very kindly and not harshly .We kindly laugh when some nice inner wishes or rival through the verbal errors eg: when Geraldford said in the 1976 President debate that Poland was not under the soviet domination .It was the expression of charitable wish. In this way througout the essay the writer examines our verbal behaviors in a very delightful tone. Acc to him such verbal missteps shows as a new world of logic and possibility.

ON THE VANITY OF EARTHLY GREATNESS

ON THE VANITY OF EARTHLY GREATNESS
Written by: Arthur Guiterman (1871-1943)
-Flawless poem which makes us realize the remorselessness of time and the vanity of human greatness.

“On the Vanity of Worldly Things” is a poem written by Arthur Guiterman, an American poet and journalist, is best known for his humorous verse. Through humour, he has tried to depict the reality of human beings and animals caused by the change in time. It shows the bitter reality that the power of animals or human beings doesn’t remain same when time and situation change. We always run after reputation and prestige. We become or want to be great and we think it will remain the same forever. We earn reputation and prestige and we think it will remain the same forever. We earn reputation and we think that the credit won’t be lost but actually we won’t think that is destroyed in due course of time. Our greatness is dismissed by time. So, time laughs at our blindness and pride.
Time is such a thing on which we cannot get victory. The nature has given us limited time to live and exercise our power. Beyond that time, we cannot move according to our desire. Only in favourable time and situation we can perform our actions or activities.
The “vanity” actually means the degrading value of reputations of any persons and animals in the world. To clarify this point the writer has presented few examples. Julius Caesar was a great warrior and a famous general statesman. He earned a great name and fame in his time through his strength and power. But that power lost its value with the change in the time and situation. He does not posses any arm and power to show his power of the past. His head is on the shelf and weapons and other things belongings are only in the museum in the form of history.
The roman emperor Charlemagne was a great in his time by his sword, power. But the power of his sword also became meaningless due to the change in time. Now that sword has been rusted and is kept useless in the museum. Not only the great kings and warriors, but there is also good presentation of powerful animals whose value has been decreased. Grizzly bear, whose embrace was very dreadful, has become nothing more than a rug to give warmth. Tusks of mighty brawls of mastodons have been changed into playing things like billiard balls.
All the given examples are concerned with the greatness but the greatness has been turned and reduced to valueless things. The vanity human greatness and animals’ strength have become a good subject to present irony. That irony makes one feel unwell and quite indifferent to the person.
Everybody becomes great in his time and situation but later on he becomes helpless and valueless. All reputation and achievements will be dismissed quickly. So, it is useless to take pride in one’s power as everything decays and fades away in due course of time.

My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold

MY HEART LEAPS UP WHEN I BEHOLD
Written by: William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
Notable for love of nature and simple language of poetry, William Wordsworth explores poetry as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings and emotions recollected in tranquility. Thus the poet here projects his poetry philosophy as a trial when he happens to have a glimpse and recollects the joyful moment of the rainbow and his own experiences of childhood days with a meaningful conclusion.
The speaker in the poem happens to view the rainbow in the sky. All of a sudden he feels great sensations in the form of happiness. He after that realizes the existence of the rainbow in the past, at present and so in the future .Mean while he concludes that the existence of rainbow of human beings is only possible in the existence of nature otherwise for him death is much better than the living life. Flashing back to the glimpse of the rainbow, he in no time gets back to his childhood memories, and synthesizes the childish feelings and the emotion with the fusion of intellect as the child is the father of man and deep respect for nature.
Summing up the poem” My Heart Leaps when I behold” is the experimentation of Romantic trend in poetry. In fact, the poet is successful in the application of poetic Philosophy. Beginning with the feeling and emotions in the present of rainbow and the childhood days on the other, the speaker develops a great message that the child in a sense is the University of the World itself where one learns many things like sense of innocence, creativity and so on. Finally he is in opinion that the existence of human beings depends on the existence of nature the poet regards God is quite different analysis in a sense.

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My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold
William Wordsworth
‘My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold’ is a beautiful poem composed by a famous English romantic poet William Wordsworth. The poet is a great lover of nature as well as true worshiper of God and nature. In this poem, the poet recollects (remembers) the experiences of his childhood days and gives his emotion and feeling a meaning that the poet wants continuity of life and nature. For him, nature is both God and religion. In this poem, he not only presents the reality of human life but also shows a deep respect to God and religion wishing his days to be bound each to each by natural piety.
The poet says that he becomes very happy to see the nature going on in the same way. So, he says that his heart leaps up with great happiness or joy when he sees a beautiful rainbow in the sky. The colourful rainbow symbolizes the continuity of the nature and colourful human life. The rainbow was there in the sky when the poet was born and he has now become a matured man. He also wants the rainbow to be in the sky when he has become a matured man. He also wants the rainbow to be the same in future. He says that present is the result of the past and future will be the result of the present. In this way the poet shows that time and nature are ongoing phenomena of universe. If there is any break in this continuation the poet wants to die. The poet also says that both are inevitable.
The poet presents his main idea of the poem through the paradoxical line “The Child (past) is the father (present) of the future.” The poet means to say that human life begins from childhood. A man can’t be a father without being a child. According to the poet, father means from whom the creation of new generation takes place. It is the child from whom the manhood begins. Thus the child is really the father of man. Yesterday’s child is today’s man (father) and today’s child is tomorrow’s father. The poet also says that nature is God, religion and source of life and inspiration. He worships, loves and respects the nature. He also wishes the continuation of time (past, present and future) in the nature in the same way.